Virtual Reality of the Milky Way

Hi! I’m Debjani, a rising junior at The Brearley School, and my main project was to create a virtual reality (VR) experience of the Milky Way Galaxy using Unity3D and Google Cardboard. I also created a physical controller so that a user could navigate through the VR using a 5-way button.

Engineer

Debjani D.

Area of Interest

Aerospace Engineering/ Computer Science

School

Brearley School

Grade

Rising Junior

Reflection

Coming into BlueStamp with a passion for computer programming, I was a bit skeptical about doing hardware engineering for the first time in my life. But I wanted to try something new and challenging in the summer, and BlueStamp readily provided! Not only did I practice basic skills such as how to wire a circuit board properly, but I also learned advanced soldering techniques that saved my crumbling circuit board many times. I developed my programming skills, learning how to write in a new language and use Unity3d.  More importantly, however, BlueStamp taught me the value of persistence, efficiency, and dedicated problem-solving. There wasn’t a single day in which I didn’t encounter one roadblock (or three!), and I was often stuck on an issue, whether it be in the code or with my circuit, for multiple days. Since my time at BlueStamp was limited, I had to work quickly to finish my project; there wasn’t any time for me to bemoan my situation or give up, and I realized that every minute counts, especially when an error could pop up when I least expected it.

I learned how to use all my resources so that I could solve my issue as quickly as possible— that meant posting on three different forums, asking my peers and instructors for advice, and sometimes, just thinking out loud or with pen and paper. In the end, I decided that the realm of hardware wasn’t for me, but I’m glad that I tried it out; I certainly enjoyed pushing my own boundaries and seeing how much I could accomplish these three weeks.

3D printing the case for the controller! Unfortunately, the hinge broke not soon after, so I'll have to re-design!
Testing the final product!

Final Milestone

Final Milestone: Connecting the Controller to Unity!

For my final milestone, I connected the navigation button to my Unity program. After soldering together the circuit, I connected the board to the Arduino IDE. I programmed the ESP8266 so that it would print the direction that the button was being pressed in onto an automatically updating web server. Unity would read the direction from the webpage and shift in that direction.

Challenges:

  • Incorrect wiring
    • Solution: Understanding how pull-up resistors work and adding them to the circuit
  • Panning worked on Unity editor but not on phone
    • Solution: Moving the objects in the scene instead of the player (player settings were overriding my own code)

Next Steps:

  • 3D print a case for the controller to improve user experience!

 //this is the code that runs on the ESP8266

//associating the directions to the input pins
int upPin = 2; //d4
int leftPin = 4; //d2
int centerPin = 5; //d1
int rightPin = 14; //d5
int downPin = 0; //d3

// Replace with network credentials
const char* ssid = "***";
const char* password = "***";

// Set web server port number to 80
ESP8266WebServer server( 80 );

void setup()
{
    Serial.begin(115200);
    WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
    WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

    server.on("/", button);
    server.begin();
    Serial.println("HTTP server started");
}

void loop(void)
{
    server.handleClient();
    button();
}

void button()
{
    if (digitalRead(rightPin) == LOW)
    {
        server.send(200, "text/html", "<html>\
  <head>\
    <meta http-equiv='refresh' content='1'/>\
    <title>ESP8266 Demo</title>\
    <style>\
      body { background-color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; Color: #000088; }\
    </style>\
  </head>\
  <body>\
    <p>*R^</p>\
  </body>\
</html>");
    }
   //and likewise for the other four directions
}
 //this is the code that Unity runs

private string textFromWWW;
private string url = "<INSERT IP ADDRESS>";

//this retrieves the direction printed onto the webpage by the ESP...
IEnumerator GetTextFromWWW()
{
    WWW www = new WWW(url);
    yield return www;

    if (www.error != null)
    {
        Debug.Log("Ooops, something went wrong...");
        Debug.Log(www.error);
    }
    else
    {
        //...and stores the string into a variable
        textFromWWW = www.text; 
        Debug.Log(textFromWWW);
    }
}

void Update(){
    try{
        //this converts the text found on the webpage into
        //a single letter string that we can read
        string stringText = Convert.ToString(textFromWWW);
        string substring = stringText.Split('^')[0];
        int index = ((substring.Length) - 1);
        string reading = Convert.ToString(substring[index]); 

        //this runs the motion function depending on the direction
        while (up && reading.Equals("U")){
            movein();
            up = false;
        }
        //and likewise for the other four directions
    }
}

Second Milestone

Second Milestone: Orbiting Planets!

     // Update is called once per frame
    void Update()
    {
        OrbitAround();
    }

    void OrbitAround()
    {
        foreach (GameObject key in planetList) //planetList contains the name of each plotted planet
        {
            int index = planetList.IndexOf(key);
            var targetCoord = starList[index];//starList contains the coordinates of each plotted star
            Debug.Log("PLANET:" + key);
            Debug.Log("TARGETCOORD:" + targetCoord);
            key.transform.RotateAround(targetCoord, Vector3.up, speed * Time.deltaTime);
            //turns out that this last line contained the error!
            //instead of "key.transform.RotateAround()"...
            //I had written "transform.RotateAround()"...
            //so Unity didn't know what should orbit!
           
        }
    }
    //see the GIF (right) to see this code in action!
My second milestone is getting each star’s planet(s) to orbit around the star. I created prefabs of the planets (as I did for plotting the stars) so I could copy them and set their positions by using their orbital radii from the CSV. Getting them to rotate around the stars took a very long time; it took a full day just to code that, and I spent another two days debugging because my planets were orbiting around the wrong stars.

Challenges:

  • Getting the planets to rotate around the correct stars
    • The planets were rotating, but their center was not the appropriate star
    • Solution: Fixing the very last line of the code shown below– turns out that the error was omitting the word “key”!

Next Steps:

  • Build the physical controller and get the controller’s navigation button to pan through the VR

Snapshot of an exoplanet orbiting its host star!

First Milestone

First Milestone: Plotting the Stars!

         //Loop through Pointlist, a list holding all the values from CSV file
        for (var i = 0; i < pointList.Count; i++)
        {
            object distType = pointList[i][columnDist].GetType();

            object teffType = pointList[i][columnTeff].GetType();

            Type a = typeof(System.String);

            //if the distance is NaN, removes info from that row
            if (distType.Equals(a)) {

            }
            else {
                // Get value in poinList at ith "row", in "column" Name
                distance = Convert.ToSingle(pointList[i][columnDist]);
                //ra (right ascension) and dec (declination) are star coordinates
                ra = Convert.ToSingle(pointList[i][columnRa]); 
                dec = Convert.ToSingle(pointList[i][columnDec]); 
            }

            //Convert above values from cartesian to spherical coordinates
            float x = Convert.ToSingle(distance * Math.Cos(dec) * Math.Cos(ra));
            float y = Convert.ToSingle(distance * Math.Cos(dec) * Math.Sin(ra));
            float z = Convert.ToSingle(distance * Math.Sin(dec));

 
            // Instantiate as gameobject variable so that it can be manipulated within loop
            GameObject dataPoint = Instantiate(
                    PointPrefab,
                    new Vector3(x, y, z),
                    Quaternion.identity);
            
            // Make child of PointHolder object, to keep points within container in hierarchy
            dataPoint.transform.parent = PointHolder.transform;

            string starName = Convert.ToString(pointList[i][columnStarName]);
            // Assigns original values to dataPointName
            string dataPointName = starName;
 
            // Assigns name to the prefab
            dataPoint.transform.name = dataPointName;
For my first milestone, I uploaded the first set of star data into my Unity program. My code, written in C#, allows Unity to read a CSV file (downloaded from NASA archives) with the stars’ x, y, and z coordinates. By instantiating a sphere prefab (a template of a Game Object that can be copied) as a “parent” object and creating a “child” for each star in the data, I was able to plot each star’s relative location in the galaxy based on real data.

Challenges:

  • Eliminating NaNs (non-numbers) from the dataset
    • Existing C# method .isNaN() checks for NaNs but only for number (float or int) data types
    • The NaNs in my dataset were showing up as strings
    • Solution: Writing a function that checks for string values in the column and eliminating them

Next Steps:

  • Continue to add to the visualization by improving the stars’ appearance and incorporating planet data

Starter Project

Minty Boost Portable Charger

My starter project was Adafruit’s Minty Boost portable charger, which can charge any device that uses a USB cable. It runs on two AA batteries, but the 3 volts that the batteries provide are not enough to charge a phone or similar device. I therefore used a boost converter to increase the voltage of the batteries. Inside the converter is a transistor that can turn off or on; this transistor enables an inductor to create or destroy a magnetic field. The magnetic field allows the inductor to store energy from the battery; thus when the magnetic field is destroyed, energy is released, and the polarity of the inductor’s left lead becomes negative. This increases the total voltage to approximately 5 volts. I also soldered five resistors (one 3.3K, two 75K, and two 49.9K) and four capacitors (two ceramic and two electrolytic) onto the circuit board to control and stabilize the current. The diode ensures that the current flows in only one direction– from the batteries to the USB port. Finally, using tin snips and a file, I created a hole in the side of the tin case to make the USB port easier to use.

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